{
"METABOLOMICS WORKBENCH":{"STUDY_ID":"ST002320","ANALYSIS_ID":"AN003787","VERSION":"1","CREATED_ON":"October 14, 2022, 7:59 am"},

"PROJECT":{"PROJECT_TITLE":"Untargeted Fecal Metabolomic Analyses Across an Industrialization Gradient Reveal Shared Metabolites and Impact of Industrialization on Fecal Microbiome-Metabolome Interactions","PROJECT_SUMMARY":"The metabolome is a central determinant of human phenotypes and includes the plethora of small molecules produced by host and microbiome, or taken up from exogenous sources. However, studies of the metabolome have so far focused predominantly on urban, industrialized populations. Through an untargeted metabolomic analysis of 90 fecal samples from human individuals from Africa and the Americas—the birthplace and the last continental expansion of our species, respectively—we characterized a shared human fecal metabolome. The majority of detected metabolite features were ubiquitous across populations, despite any geographic, dietary, or behavioral differences. Such shared metabolite features included hyocholic acid and cholesterol. However, any characterization of the shared human fecal metabolome is insufficient without exploring the influence of industrialization. Here, we show chemical differences along an industrialization gradient, where the degree of industrialization correlates with metabolomic changes. We identified differential metabolite features like amino acid-conjugated bile acids and urobilin as major metabolic correlates of these behavioral shifts. Additionally, co-analyses with over 5,000 publicly available human fecal samples and co-occurrence probability analyses with the gut microbiome highlight connections between the human fecal metabolome and gut microbiome. Our results indicate that industrialization significantly influences the human fecal metabolome, but diverse human lifestyles and behavior still maintain a shared human fecal metabolome. This study represents the first characterization of the shared human fecal metabolome through untargeted analyses of populations along an industrialization gradient.","INSTITUTE":"University of Oklahoma, Department of Anthropology","LABORATORY":"Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research","LAST_NAME":"Haffner","FIRST_NAME":"Jacob","ADDRESS":"101 David L. Boren Blvd., Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA","EMAIL":"jacob.haffner@ou.edu","PHONE":"405-325-7381"},

"STUDY":{"STUDY_TITLE":"Untargeted Fecal Metabolomic Analyses Across an Industrialization Gradient Reveal Shared Metabolites and Impact of Industrialization on Fecal Microbiome-Metabolome Interactions","STUDY_SUMMARY":"The metabolome is a central determinant of human phenotypes and includes the plethora of small molecules produced by host and microbiome, or taken up from exogenous sources. However, studies of the metabolome have so far focused predominantly on urban, industrialized populations. Through an untargeted metabolomic analysis of 90 fecal samples from human individuals from Africa and the Americas—the birthplace and the last continental expansion of our species, respectively—we characterized a shared human fecal metabolome. The majority of detected metabolite features were ubiquitous across populations, despite any geographic, dietary, or behavioral differences. Such shared metabolite features included hyocholic acid and cholesterol. However, any characterization of the shared human fecal metabolome is insufficient without exploring the influence of industrialization. Here, we show chemical differences along an industrialization gradient, where the degree of industrialization correlates with metabolomic changes. We identified differential metabolite features like amino acid-conjugated bile acids and urobilin as major metabolic correlates of these behavioral shifts. Additionally, co-analyses with over 5,000 publicly available human fecal samples and co-occurrence probability analyses with the gut microbiome highlight connections between the human fecal metabolome and gut microbiome. Our results indicate that industrialization significantly influences the human fecal metabolome, but diverse human lifestyles and behavior still maintain a shared human fecal metabolome. This study represents the first characterization of the shared human fecal metabolome through untargeted analyses of populations along an industrialization gradient.","INSTITUTE":"University of Oklahoma","LAST_NAME":"Haffner","FIRST_NAME":"Jacob","ADDRESS":"101 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, OK, 73019","EMAIL":"jacob.haffner@ou.edu","PHONE":"405-325-7381","NUM_GROUPS":"6","TOTAL_SUBJECTS":"90","NUM_MALES":"29","NUM_FEMALES":"47"},

"SUBJECT":{"SUBJECT_TYPE":"Human","SUBJECT_SPECIES":"Homo sapiens","TAXONOMY_ID":"9606","AGE_OR_AGE_RANGE":"5-77","WEIGHT_OR_WEIGHT_RANGE":"NA","HEIGHT_OR_HEIGHT_RANGE":"NA","GENDER":"Male and female","HUMAN_LIFESTYLE_FACTORS":"Urban industrial; Rural industrial; Rural traditional; Isolated traditional","HUMAN_ALCOHOL_DRUG_USE":"NA","HUMAN_NUTRITION":"NA","HUMAN_INCLUSION_CRITERIA":"NA","HUMAN_EXCLUSION_CRITERIA":"NA"},
"SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS":[
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"23","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO02",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"37","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO02.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO03",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO03.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO04",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"26","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO04.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO05",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"28","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO05.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO06",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"28","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO06.mzXML"}
},
{
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"Sample ID":"NO07",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"32","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO07.mzXML"}
},
{
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"Sample ID":"NO08",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"32","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO08.mzXML"}
},
{
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"Sample ID":"NO09",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"34","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO09.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO10",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"41","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO10.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO11",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"26","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO11.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO12",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"27","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO12.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO13",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"35","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO13.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO19",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"32","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO19.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO20",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"26","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO20.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO21",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"23","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO21.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO22",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"26","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO22.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"NO23",
"Factors":{"Population":"Norman","Industrialization_Category":"Urban Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"26","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"United States","RAW_FILE_NAME":"NO23.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU1",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"52","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"1GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU2",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"19","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"2GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU4",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"4GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU6",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"6","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"6GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU7",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"9","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"7GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU10",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"58","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"10GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU11",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"7","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"11GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU12",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"16","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"12GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU13",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"41","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"13GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU17",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"51","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"17GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU19",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"24","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"19GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"GU20",
"Factors":{"Population":"Guayabo","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"63","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"20GU.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"1TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"61","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"1TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"2TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"2TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"3TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"5","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"3TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"4TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"4TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"6TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"31","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"6TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"10TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"8","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"10TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"11TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"M","Age":"39","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"11TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"14TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"77","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"14TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"16TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"38","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"16TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"17TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"7","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"17TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"18TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"13","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"18TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"26TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"F","Age":"36","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"26TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"27TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"13","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"27TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"31TM",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tambo de Mora","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Industrial","Sex":"NA","Age":"28","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"31TM.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM10_01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"55","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF10_01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM13_01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"53","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF13_01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM23_02",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"51","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF23_02.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM01_01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"55","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF01_01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM09_02",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"32","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF09_02.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM11_04",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF11_04.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM17_02",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"35","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF17_02.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM20_03",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"37","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF20_03.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM22_03",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"29","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF22_03.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM25_03",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"38","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF25_03.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"TM29_01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Boulkiemd�","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"73","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 1 day"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Burkina Faso","RAW_FILE_NAME":"BF29_01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"36","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO03",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"6","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO03.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO09",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"NA","Age":"13","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO09.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO10",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"10","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO10.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO11",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"36","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO11.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO12",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"35","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO12.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO13",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"9","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO13.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO14",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"34","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO14.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO15",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"63","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO15.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO16",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"NA","Age":"11","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO16.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO17",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"7","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO17.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO18",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"11","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO18.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO21",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"10","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO21.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO41",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"NA","Age":"54","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO41.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO53",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"44","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO53.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO61",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"20","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO61.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO63",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"6","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO63.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO66",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"11","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO66.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO67",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"26","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO67.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO68",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"7","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO68.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO69",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"NA","Age":"9","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO69.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO70",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO70.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO72",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"5","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO72.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"HCO74",
"Factors":{"Population":"Tunapuco","Industrialization_Category":"Rural Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"36","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"HCO74.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM01",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"30","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM01.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM02",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"25","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM02.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM03",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"10","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM03.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM10",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"6","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM10.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM23",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"7","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM23.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM28",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"52","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM28.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM29",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"50","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM29.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM33",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"5","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM33.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM37",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"12","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM37.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM39",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"F","Age":"40","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM39.mzXML"}
},
{
"Subject ID":"-",
"Sample ID":"SM41",
"Factors":{"Population":"Matses","Industrialization_Category":"Isolated Traditional","Sex":"M","Age":"6","Time_Kept_on_Ice_before_Frozen":"Within 4 days"},
"Additional sample data":{"Country_of_Origin":"Peru","RAW_FILE_NAME":"SM41.mzXML"}
}
],
"COLLECTION":{"COLLECTION_SUMMARY":"Fecal material was deposited into polypropylene containers and then put on ice. Samples were kept in ice while in the field until arriving at research facilities equipped with freezers. The Norman samples were kept in ice after collection and frozen at the laboratory within 24 hours. The Peruvian samples were secured similarly to the Norman samples. After collection, samples were stored on ice for four days until arriving at Lima, Peru. Samples were frozen and sent to the laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma. Boulkiemdé samples were collected similarly to Norman and Peruvian samples. After collection, Boulkiemdé samples were frozen at -20 °C within 24 hours and kept frozen overnight. Samples were thawed the following evening to extract DNA, refrozen at -20 °C, and kept frozen until shipped to the laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma. Upon arrival, 2 g of fecal material was extracted from each sample for anaerobic culturing. Following this 2 g aliquoting, samples were frozen at -80 °C until use for this project. The Norman, Tunapuco, and Matses samples had previously been aliquoted and underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing for an earlier study.","SAMPLE_TYPE":"Feces","COLLECTION_LOCATION":"United States; Peru; Burkina Faso","VOLUMEORAMOUNT_COLLECTED":"Variable; 50mg used for experimental analyses","STORAGE_CONDITIONS":"-80℃"},

"TREATMENT":{"TREATMENT_SUMMARY":"The sample preparation protocol used for this project was adapted from a global metabolite extraction protocol with proven success (Want et al. 2013). Samples were thawed and 500 μl of chilled LC-MS grade water (Fisher Scientific) was added to 50 mg of fecal material. Next, a TissueLyzer homogenized samples at 25 Hz for three minutes. Following homogenization, chilled LC-grade methanol (Fisher Scientific) spiked with 4 μM sulfachloropyridazine as the internal standard (IS) was added, bringing the total concentration to 50% methanol. The TissueLyzer homogenized samples again at 25 Hz for three minutes, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C. The next day, samples were centrifuged at 16,000 x g at 4 °C for ten minutes. Aqueous supernatant was then removed and dried using a SpeedVac vacuum concentrator. Dried extracts were frozen at -80 °C until the day of MS analysis. Immediately prior to MS analysis, extracts were resuspended in 150 μl chilled LC-MS methanol:water (1:1) spiked with 1 μg/ml sulfadimethoxine as a second IS. After resuspension, samples were diluted to a 1:10 ratio. Diluted samples were sonicated using a Fisher Scientific Ultrasonic Cleaning Bath at maximum power for ten minutes. Supernatants were spun briefly to remove any particulates, then loaded into a 96-well plate for MS analysis. One well contained only 150 μl of the resuspension solution to serve as blank control."},

"SAMPLEPREP":{"SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY":"The sample preparation protocol used for this project was adapted from a global metabolite extraction protocol with proven success (Want et al. 2013). Samples were thawed and 500 μl of chilled LC-MS grade water (Fisher Scientific) was added to 50 mg of fecal material. Next, a TissueLyzer homogenized samples at 25 Hz for three minutes. Following homogenization, chilled LC-grade methanol (Fisher Scientific) spiked with 4 μM sulfachloropyridazine as the internal standard (IS) was added, bringing the total concentration to 50% methanol. The TissueLyzer homogenized samples again at 25 Hz for three minutes, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C. The next day, samples were centrifuged at 16,000 x g at 4 °C for ten minutes. Aqueous supernatant was then removed and dried using a SpeedVac vacuum concentrator. Dried extracts were frozen at -80 °C until the day of MS analysis. Immediately prior to MS analysis, extracts were resuspended in 150 μl chilled LC-MS methanol:water (1:1) spiked with 1 μg/ml sulfadimethoxine as a second IS. After resuspension, samples were diluted to a 1:10 ratio. Diluted samples were sonicated using a Fisher Scientific Ultrasonic Cleaning Bath at maximum power for ten minutes. Supernatants were spun briefly to remove any particulates, then loaded into a 96-well plate for MS analysis. One well contained only 150 μl of the resuspension solution to serve as blank control.","EXTRACT_STORAGE":"On ice"},

"CHROMATOGRAPHY":{"CHROMATOGRAPHY_TYPE":"None (Direct infusion)","INSTRUMENT_NAME":"ThermoFisher Scientific Vanquish Flex Binary LC System","COLUMN_NAME":"Kinetex C18 core-shell column (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μM particle size, 100 Å pore size)","FLOW_GRADIENT":"12.5 min runtime gradient","COLUMN_TEMPERATURE":"40","METHODS_FILENAME":"C18_RP_Pos_QEPlus_20180403_12.5mint_ddMS2.meth","SOLVENT_A":"LC-MS grade water with 0.1% formic acid","SOLVENT_B":"LC-MS grade acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid","INTERNAL_STANDARD":"Sulfadimethoxine","SAMPLE_INJECTION":"5 uL randomized order"},

"ANALYSIS":{"ANALYSIS_TYPE":"MS"},

"MS":{"INSTRUMENT_NAME":"Thermo Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap","INSTRUMENT_TYPE":"Triple quadrupole","MS_TYPE":"ESI","ION_MODE":"POSITIVE","MS_COMMENTS":"LC was performed on a ThermoFisher Scientific Vanquish Flex Binary LC System with a Kinetex C18 core-shell column (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μM particle size, 100 Å pore size). LC column was kept at 40 °C and the sample compartment was held at 10 °C. The LC System was coupled to a ThermoFisher Scientific Q Exactive Plus Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer for MS/MS analysis. For the LC mobile phase, Solvent A was LC-MS grade water (Fisher Scientific) with 0.1% formic acid and Solvent B was LC-MS grade acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific) with 0.1% formic acid. Elution gradient started at 5% Solvent B for one minute, increased to 100% Solvent B until minute nine, held at 100% Solvent B for two minutes, dropped to 5% Solvent B over 30 seconds, and 5% Solvent B for one minute as re-equilibration. Samples were injected in random order with an injection volume of 5 μl. After elution, electrospray ionization was conducted with spray voltage of 3.8 kV, auxiliary gas flow rate of 10, auxiliary gas temperature at 350 °C, sheath gas flow rate at 35, and sweep gas flow at 0. Capillary temperature was 320 °C and S-lens RF was 50 V. MS1 scan range was 100-1,500 m/z, MS1 resolution was set to 35,000 and MS1 AGC target to 1e6. MS1 data were obtained in positive mode and MS2 data were obtained using data-dependent acquisition. In each cycle, 5 MS/MS scans of the most abundant ion were recorded. Both MS1 and MS2 injection times were set at 100 ms. MS2 resolutions were set to 17,500, MS2 AGC target was set to 5e5, and the inclusion window to 2 m/z. MS/MS was conducted at an apex trigger of 2-8 seconds and an exclusion window of 10 seconds. MS/MS collision energy gradually increased from 20-40%.","CAPILLARY_TEMPERATURE":"320°C","IONIZATION":"ESI","MS_RESULTS_FILE":"ST002320_AN003787_Results.txt UNITS:Peak area Has m/z:Yes Has RT:Yes RT units:Minutes"}

}