#METABOLOMICS WORKBENCH kwanjeeraw_20230925_045620 DATATRACK_ID:4331 STUDY_ID:ST002874 ANALYSIS_ID:AN004711 PROJECT_ID:PR001796 VERSION 1 CREATED_ON September 25, 2023, 8:56 am #PROJECT PR:PROJECT_TITLE Predicting lupus membranous nephritis using reduced picolinic acid to tryptophan PR:PROJECT_TITLE ratio as a urinary biomarker PR:PROJECT_TYPE MS quantitative analysis PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY The current gold standard for classifying lupus nephritis (LN) progression is a PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY renal biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. Undergoing a series of biopsies PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY for monitoring disease progression and treatments is unlikely suitable for PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY patients with LN. Thus, there is an urgent need for non-invasive alternative PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY biomarkers that can facilitate LN class diagnosis. Such biomarkers will be very PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY useful in guiding intervention strategies to mitigate or treat patients with LN. PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY Urine samples were collected from two independent cohorts. Patients with LN were PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY classified into proliferative (class III/IV) and membranous (class V) by kidney PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY histopathology. Metabolomics was performed to identify potential metabolites, PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY which could be specific for the classification of membranous LN. The ratio of PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY picolinic acid (Pic) to tryptophan (Trp) ([Pic/Trp] ratio) was found to be a PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY promising candidate for LN diagnostic and membranous classification. It has high PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY potential as an alternative biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis of LN. PR:INSTITUTE Mahidol University PR:DEPARTMENT Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center PR:LABORATORY Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Metabolomics and Systems Biology PR:LAST_NAME Khoomrung PR:FIRST_NAME Sakda PR:ADDRESS 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand PR:EMAIL sakda.kho@mahidol.edu PR:PHONE 024195511 PR:PUBLICATIONS https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103355 #STUDY ST:STUDY_TITLE Quantification of metabolites in kynurenine pathway ST:STUDY_SUMMARY Urine samples were collected from two independent cohorts. Patients with LN were ST:STUDY_SUMMARY classified into proliferative (class III/IV) and membranous (class V) by kidney ST:STUDY_SUMMARY histopathology. Quantification of metabolites in kynurenine pathway was ST:STUDY_SUMMARY performed using LC-MS/MS. ST:INSTITUTE Mahidol University ST:DEPARTMENT Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center ST:LABORATORY Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Metabolomics and Systems Biology ST:LAST_NAME Khoomrung ST:FIRST_NAME Sakda ST:ADDRESS 2 Wanglang Road Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand ST:EMAIL sakda.kho@mahidol.edu ST:PHONE 024195511 ST:NUM_GROUPS 2 ST:TOTAL_SUBJECTS 117 ST:PUBLICATIONS https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103355 #SUBJECT SU:SUBJECT_TYPE Human SU:SUBJECT_SPECIES Homo sapiens SU:TAXONOMY_ID 9606 SU:GENDER Male and female #SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS: SUBJECT(optional)[tab]SAMPLE[tab]FACTORS(NAME:VALUE pairs separated by |)[tab]Raw file names and additional sample data SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal108197 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal108197.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal16799 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal16799.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal171808 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal171808.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal190667 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal190667.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal219541 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal219541.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal228443 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal228443.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal275182 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal275182.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal282901 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal282901.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal297429 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal297429.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal300195 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal300195.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal302449 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal302449.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal303739 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal303739.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal304786 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal304786.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal309354 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal309354.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal309427 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal309427.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal328154 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal328154.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal346675 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal346675.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal350796 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal350796.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal358762 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal358762.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal358797 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal358797.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal362875 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal362875.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal367346 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal367346.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal374393 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal374393.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal376701 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal376701.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal378194 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal378194.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal386006 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal386006.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal388793 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal388793.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal391263 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal391263.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal392456 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal392456.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal398659 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal398659.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal408913 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal408913.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal409863 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal409863.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal414999 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal414999.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal418242 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal418242.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal420689 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal420689.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal422436 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal422436.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal425168 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal425168.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal425621 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal425621.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal434728 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal434728.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal463329 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal463329.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal438685 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal438685.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal441384 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal441384.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal446904 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal446904.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal449032 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal449032.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal454125 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal454125.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal456977 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal456977.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal462020 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal462020.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal469548 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal469548.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal470457 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal470457.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal502839 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal502839.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal521337 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal521337.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal61921 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal61921.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - normal64947 Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N RAW_FILE_NAME=normal64947.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN249 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN249.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN250 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN250.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN272 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN272.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN275 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN275.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN59 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN59.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN7 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN7.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN803 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN803.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN809 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN809.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN818 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN818.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN828 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN828.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN845 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN845.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN855 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN855.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN886 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN886.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN893 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN893.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN106 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN106.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN222 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN222.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN236 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN236.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN268 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN268.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN277 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN277.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN294 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN294.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN45 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN45.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN470 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN470.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN709 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN709.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN912 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN912.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN953 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN953.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN961 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN961.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN123 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN123.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN165 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN165.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN18 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN18.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN243 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN243.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN276 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN276.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN291 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN291.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN369 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN369.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN404 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN404.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN405 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN405.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN48 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN48.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN5 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN5.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN699 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN699.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN74 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN74.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN805 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN805.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN834 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN834.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN871 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN871.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN937 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV RAW_FILE_NAME=LN937.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN503 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN503.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN55 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN55.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN799 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN799.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN882 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN882.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN949 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN949.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN57 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN57.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN170 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN170.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN197 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN197.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN239 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN239.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN257 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN257.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN269 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN269.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN288 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN288.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN343 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN343.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN362 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN362.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN473 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN473.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN476 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN476.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN564 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN564.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN616 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN616.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN75 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN75.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN870 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN870.raw SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS - LN925 Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V RAW_FILE_NAME=LN925.raw #COLLECTION CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY Both morning urine and blood samples were collected under sterile conditions CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY within the same day of biopsy/recruitment. Urine samples were centrifuged at CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY 3,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was then aliquoted and stored at CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY −80°C until the analysis. Common blood biochemical parameters were measured CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY by an ISO 15189 accredited laboratory. Serum creatinine (SCr) and urine CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY creatinine (UCr) were measured by an enzymatic assay using a Dimension ExL CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Newark, DE, USA). Urine protein CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY (Uprot) was measured by a modified pyrogallol red-molybdate method. Uprot was CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY reported as urine protein creatinine ratio (UPCR in mg/mgCr). The estimated CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY glomerular filtration rate (eGFR in mL/min/1.73 m2) was calculated using the CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY CKD-EPI equation (Levey et al., 2009): CO:SAMPLE_TYPE Urine #TREATMENT TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY LN patients and health subjects (N) were recruited from Ramathibodi Hospital, TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY Bangkok, Thailand. Patients, who fulfilled at least four of the American College TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY of Rheumatology 1982 revised criteria for SLE (Hochberg, 1997) and were referred TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY to kidney biopsy for clinical indications of proteinuria ≥ 0.5g/24 hours TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY (Fanouriakis et al., 2020) were included. #SAMPLEPREP SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY The urine samples were prepared based on a previously published protocol (Zhu et SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY al., 2019) with minor modifications. Briefly, a 50 μL of each urine sample was SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY mixed with 200 μL of MeOH/ACN (1:1, v/v) containing 100 ng of anthranilic acid SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY C13 (Ant-C13) as an internal standard (IS). The mixture was vortexed for 30 s SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY and sonicated for 10 min (room temperature). The mixture was then left overnight SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY (−20°C) for protein precipitation before centrifugation at 13,000 rpm (4°C) SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY for 15 min. The supernatant was transferred to a new test tube and evaporated to SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY dryness (room temperature) using a vacuum concentrator (Labconco, MO, USA). The SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY dried sample was reconstituted in 100 μL of Milli-Q H2O (containing 0.1% formic SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY acid), vortexed for 30 s, and sonicated (room temperature) for 10 min. The SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY reconstituted sample was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm (4°C) for 15 min. The SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY supernatant was kept at −80°C before analysis. #CHROMATOGRAPHY CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY A volume of 5 μL of a standard or sample was injected onto an HSS T3 column, CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY 2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μM column (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) at 30°C with a CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY constant flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Mobile phases consisted of (A) 0.1% formic CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY acid in Milli-Q water and (B) 0.1% formic acid in ACN. The gradient program CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY started at 99% A, decreased to 70% over 7.0 min, then decreased to 30% at 9 min, CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY and return to the initial condition at 10 min and held for 4.0 min. The total CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY runtime was 14 min. The weak and strong needles wash solutions were 5% ACN and CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY H2O/ACN/MeOH/IPA (1:1:1:1), respectively. CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_TYPE Normal phase CH:INSTRUMENT_NAME Waters Acquity I-Class CH:COLUMN_NAME Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 x 2.1mm,1.8um) CH:SOLVENT_A 100% water; 0.1% formic acid CH:SOLVENT_B 100% acetonitrile; 0.1% formic acid CH:FLOW_GRADIENT The gradient program started at 99% A, decreased to 70% over 7.0 min, then CH:FLOW_GRADIENT decreased to 30% at 9 min and return to the initial condition at 10 min and held CH:FLOW_GRADIENT for 4.0 min. The total runtime was 14 min. The weak and strong needles wash CH:FLOW_GRADIENT solutions were 5% ACN and H2O/ACN/MeOH/IPA (1:1:1:1), respectively. CH:FLOW_RATE 0.4ml/min CH:COLUMN_TEMPERATURE 30 #ANALYSIS AN:ANALYSIS_TYPE MS #MS MS:INSTRUMENT_NAME Waters Xevo-TQ-S MS:INSTRUMENT_TYPE Single quadrupole MS:MS_TYPE ESI MS:ION_MODE POSITIVE MS:MS_COMMENTS Quantitative analysis (absolute quantification) was achieved by external MS:MS_COMMENTS calibration curves of each standard prepared in pooled urine samples (standard MS:MS_COMMENTS addition) (Limjiasahapong et al., 2021). The linear ranges of the calibration MS:MS_COMMENTS standards are as follows: 3.5–1,000 ng/mL for Ant; 4.5–80 ng/mL for Cin; MS:MS_COMMENTS 8–2,500 ng/ml for Kyna; 8–5,000 ng/ml for Kyn; 1.4–400 ng/ml for Pic; MS:MS_COMMENTS 40–5000 ng/ml for Qui; 7–2000 ng/ml for Trp; 2–200 ng/ml for Xan; MS:MS_COMMENTS 900–14,000 ng/ml for 3OH-Kyn; 300–2,500 ng/ml for 3OH-Ant and 8–2,000 MS:MS_COMMENTS ng/ml for Ant-C13. #MS_METABOLITE_DATA MS_METABOLITE_DATA:UNITS ng/ml MS_METABOLITE_DATA_START Samples normal108197 normal16799 normal171808 normal190667 normal219541 normal228443 normal275182 normal282901 normal297429 normal300195 normal302449 normal303739 normal304786 normal309354 normal309427 normal328154 normal346675 normal350796 normal358762 normal358797 normal362875 normal367346 normal374393 normal376701 normal378194 normal386006 normal388793 normal391263 normal392456 normal398659 normal408913 normal409863 normal414999 normal418242 normal420689 normal422436 normal425168 normal425621 normal434728 normal463329 normal438685 normal441384 normal446904 normal449032 normal454125 normal456977 normal462020 normal469548 normal470457 normal502839 normal521337 normal61921 normal64947 LN249 LN250 LN272 LN275 LN59 LN7 LN803 LN809 LN818 LN828 LN845 LN855 LN886 LN893 LN106 LN222 LN236 LN268 LN277 LN294 LN45 LN470 LN709 LN912 LN953 LN961 LN123 LN165 LN18 LN243 LN276 LN291 LN369 LN404 LN405 LN48 LN5 LN699 LN74 LN805 LN834 LN871 LN937 LN503 LN55 LN799 LN882 LN949 LN57 LN170 LN197 LN239 LN257 LN269 LN288 LN343 LN362 LN473 LN476 LN564 LN616 LN75 LN870 LN925 Factors Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:N | Disease_subclass:N Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:Pure class III/IV Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Sample_group:LN | Disease_subclass:All class V Kynurenic acid 0.026497106 0.01262828 0.019572008 0.022874246 0.038618638 0.020293218 0.020937942 0.038808917 0.023701356 0.058274253 0.021387826 0.03676778 0.019476447 0.021604017 0.028310515 0.020601807 0.013791183 0.013956886 0.01826844 0.011439388 0.02880789 0.017109921 0.015750119 0.015622924 0.019346615 0.045327917 0.0494475 0.014131778 0.030848486 0.018163629 0.069838098 0.022856626 0.01917607 0.010986865 0.031825142 0.015907098 0.019786326 0.015832011 0.010126669 0.03116174 0.044162037 0.014948755 0.014529075 0.035822091 0.037384737 0.021900476 0.027491244 0.02934398 0.014941566 0.045881985 0.024474403 0.019927112 0.031776739 0.038458422 0.033239768 0.011852719 0.045862927 0.027728293 0.028519206 0.018760009 0.026251551 0.028802614 0.050591835 0.009447298 0.014006371 0.028548712 0.040062906 0.016034071 0.027862995 0.026179143 0.072773118 0.188043805 0.010928638 0.012323887 0.025914238 0.014352063 0.032195465 0.01435343 0.026097032 0.012907972 0.026959441 0.020387065 0.011804125 0.024233729 0.016626549 0.052859495 0.032640739 0.022926111 0.023884543 0.01088867 0.033433481 0.004155231 0.004952545 0.024695241 0.040134371 0.021905046 0.027296751 0.047331865 0.0385851 0.020762536 0.028325095 0.00704464 0.050806741 0.02252376 0.025969284 0.053752064 0.046244067 0.012934381 0.028108148 0.034873108 0.009558373 0.033548632 0.007069653 0.032360187 0.016970046 0.032445415 0.032976801 Kynurenine 0.001755018 0.001265913 0.002349523 0.002836728 0.00131876 0.00080012 0.000897889 0.001508014 0.003700408 0.001299552 0.001419435 0.000936292 0.000886033 0.001047248 0.002848342 0.000784301 0.001245746 0.001270804 0.001707944 0.000915192 0.000622225 0.003879623 0.000765903 0.002284339 0.002407169 0.002449381 0.004043723 0.001911189 0.002465818 0.000520533 0.003077357 0.003317269 0.001365266 0.001163267 0.00227894 0.004022967 0.003620182 0.001192539 0.001191705 0.000550244 0.003062649 0.001444268 0.001838105 0.003962575 0.001348255 0.003316956 0.001558664 0.000577689 0.000675668 0.002469695 0.000919093 0.00252855 0.003210175 0.001341803 0.002467098 0.001176874 0.009214633 0.005425638 0.001907671 0.000946784 0.002758456 0.001154138 0.005562899 0.001733338 0.001776174 0.003117692 0.001856262 0.000770259 0.002565898 0.00091868 0.003552626 0.013800839 0.000587803 0.003206575 0.003101854 0.000508941 0.001330807 0.001084683 0.000937122 0.006007573 0.000847606 0.005342936 0.000321942 0.001630358 0.000153002 0.003186756 0.009349976 0.003911169 0.000747096 0.001141279 0.001935459 0.000437613 0.000813636 0.000397896 0.00751136 0.005604472 0.002780287 0.00084973 0.005582823 0.00210101 0.001792537 0.001550571 0.007030249 0.007690676 0.002091299 0.00350589 0.004140001 0.000619567 0.002971026 0.001164687 0.001087656 0.004413858 0.000563203 0.000791424 0.001853729 0.002865706 0.00191925 Picolinic acid 9.70E-05 2.92E-05 8.29E-05 9.94E-05 0.00011211 4.01E-05 4.60E-05 0.00015766 0.000124239 0.000252023 0.000154186 7.14E-05 9.37E-05 3.94E-05 0.0001284 7.32E-05 2.59E-05 4.27E-05 7.29E-05 1.33E-05 5.40E-05 5.77E-05 6.09E-05 7.30E-05 0.000165716 0.000174813 6.77E-05 3.75E-05 7.01E-05 6.20E-05 0.000153758 0.000167869 7.67E-05 6.75E-05 8.55E-05 8.39E-05 3.06E-05 4.34E-05 6.85E-05 0.000116398 0.000108684 4.86E-05 7.07E-05 0.000184753 9.57E-05 0.000127587 6.42E-05 0.000102734 4.94E-05 0.000143343 7.76E-05 4.64E-05 0.000211664 4.29E-05 6.51E-05 6.44E-05 1.04E-04 3.83E-05 2.40E-05 3.18E-05 2.67E-05 0.000112479 0.000182 2.52E-06 4.54E-05 5.68E-05 5.54E-05 4.32E-06 3.07E-05 1.23E-05 1.87E-04 2.72E-04 7.22E-06 3.61E-05 2.23E-05 4.58E-05 5.46E-05 6.67E-05 7.00E-05 3.73E-05 2.89E-05 5.00E-05 2.04E-05 4.51E-05 1.72E-05 3.88E-05 2.43E-04 8.25E-05 1.81E-05 6.10E-05 5.59E-06 1.12E-05 0.000105662 3.75E-05 0.000135635 5.17E-05 2.34E-05 5.63E-05 6.66E-05 5.88E-05 3.99E-05 1.95E-05 1.31E-05 0.000123699 4.65E-05 1.48E-04 1.06E-04 3.92E-05 7.68E-05 1.55E-05 1.68E-05 2.34E-05 7.43E-06 2.43E-05 3.71E-05 2.64E-05 4.41E-06 Quinolinic acid 0.005380265 0.002368312 0.005505774 0.003248586 0.004632068 0.003379013 0.002157654 0.003477183 0.00382252 0.008260207 0.0028916 0.003590391 0.0024451 0.0028056 0.005084753 0.003112061 0.001528284 0.003457618 0.002423781 0.003599621 0.005346638 0.004763296 0.002790649 0.004671002 0.003390913 0.004826965 0.00187741 0.002651718 0.004833058 0.002524892 0.010419007 0.005815572 0.001847833 0.001843906 0.003589046 0.003668055 0.004138449 0.002789498 0.00286379 0.003389609 0.003293051 0.002760371 0.002943742 0.008824369 0.00345257 0.00305614 0.003717827 0.004822608 0.001819577 0.001935258 0.004716143 0.002920472 0.005273005 0.00395028 0.003244534 0.003503745 0.014649847 0.005855728 0.00655715 0.004331696 0.002349252 0.004388535 0.004352822 0.001216912 0.001335715 0.006420072 0.006936485 0.00271419 0.00408085 0.004930175 0.015985724 0.031682157 0.001935889 0.007454647 0.00835787 0.003930035 0.002254253 0.006576003 0.004486465 0.005730457 0.005907282 0.005853286 0.00258906 0.00667602 0.002435729 0.007512171 0.004069818 0.005801651 0.00292888 0.002138253 0.003478559 0.000757471 0.001849661 0.003913408 0.00987421 0.006763747 0.003449814 0.007000731 0.003412978 0.003039592 0.012266785 0.006014999 0.013741579 0.004270446 0.006151288 0.00706204 0.006280374 0.002495035 0.00916433 0.002428011 0.002411055 0.005187637 0.001081822 0.003512182 0.003918028 0.003520773 0.004628329 Trpptophan 0.040114852 0.016239867 0.049334493 0.036596095 0.01917378 0.014667087 0.020429836 0.040822271 0.030580339 0.045046316 0.028001803 0.022234533 0.024572929 0.024809758 0.032854907 0.018398121 0.024608283 0.004228622 0.017721891 0.020098913 0.021846804 0.03889448 0.01632638 0.022705434 0.027996744 0.037487298 0.029255116 0.031509815 0.031049668 0.016155414 0.05121899 0.0297841 0.026565848 0.024749403 0.031275895 0.034608257 0.03992896 0.021098602 0.014708965 0.024054121 0.027507644 0.027273154 0.018170186 0.040763728 0.026755999 0.038777645 0.020736179 0.028901012 0.019509171 0.030967179 0.025007915 0.026975751 0.045703381 0.049560081 0.045566847 0.013589023 0.06253521 0.034164408 0.004578829 0.024280287 0.047865126 0.031623055 0.084206879 0.006821065 0.029531396 0.04078475 0.012926295 0.021324984 0.032153305 0.014954794 0.093113351 0.256861902 0.013160245 0.019054016 0.019975491 0.016466876 0.021730509 0.025362575 0.020710657 0.041589275 0.050073751 0.024321211 0.007209075 0.044464531 0.005240666 0.028970361 0.103600945 0.040723932 0.023851938 0.014660214 0.038574253 0.006947487 0.010319642 0.021946464 0.030094203 0.026829828 0.059206601 0.02954394 0.040232777 0.043326337 0.030564873 0.021330769 0.036860268 0.062188951 0.03663684 0.088539074 0.136756334 0.022298951 0.043549155 0.021696281 0.032830982 0.032190876 0.009606323 0.040334499 0.018754804 0.035447089 0.086572577 Xanthurenic acid 0.000235516 0.000213063 0.000372717 0.00033595 0.000841474 0.00026871 0.000371429 0.000413112 0.000342782 0.000898575 0.000220035 0.000657016 0.000303782 0.000467576 0.000394739 0.000364951 0.000235461 5.57E-05 0.000183431 0.000103048 0.000526602 0.000191712 0.000310483 0.000245793 0.000342901 0.000644377 0.000377634 0.000161462 0.0005014 0.000227517 0.001054039 0.000391396 0.000301616 0.000239715 0.000511445 0.000303049 0.000379022 0.000249849 0.00022924 0.000419959 0.000370358 0.000211905 0.000223369 0.000325126 0.000419907 0.000518374 0.000340175 0.000261643 0.000294336 0.000511793 0.000205791 0.000361921 0.000468146 0.000697975 0.000643551 0.000199835 0.000841752 0.000835319 0.000230088 0.000340229 0.000509604 0.000548038 0.001060419 8.24E-05 0.000217481 0.000431242 0.000427925 0.000345063 0.000304596 0.000290697 0.000928855 0.002029437 0.000404068 4.85E-05 0.000272652 0.000223404 0.000269675 0.000167281 0.00054299 0.000267904 0.00055787 0.000107459 0.000122996 3.06E-04 1.83E-04 0.000679461 0.000194826 0.000381795 3.91E-04 0.000308204 0.000989618 5.39E-05 7.77E-05 0.0002166 0.000452511 0.000128922 0.000208612 0.000520581 0.000621233 0.000423187 0.000324235 4.89E-05 0.000276519 0.000314734 0.000540171 0.001066438 0.000986377 0.000222247 0.000283048 0.000600025 6.02E-05 0.00029766 0.000101018 0.000433124 0.000332816 0.000259388 0.000338948 3-OH-Kynurenine 0.009137198 0.003706147 0.012504999 0.003370539 0.007443926 0.013475699 0.004150377 0.008759478 0.010782685 0.00924409 0.007704416 0.004529477 0.00427396 0.007055653 0.010347494 0.003480883 0.005856021 0.005115103 0.007336478 0.013301841 0.007109349 0.010992236 0.004275226 0.002500079 0.018094542 0.010757387 0.012839603 0.006146427 0.005521729 0.001701803 0.018512208 0.008830879 0.00560969 0.00494889 0.012555171 0.010095659 0.009224905 0.004753529 0.004426722 0.003239882 0.006867247 0.008492818 0.005228665 0.01468294 0.005184303 0.028765731 0.006618273 0.005366426 0.003684818 0.002442115 0.003563689 0.009724908 0.017197138 0.010349489 0.00487915 0.007348878 0.006594709 0.019310077 0.007700081 0.005028219 0.008514371 0.009273305 0.021205471 0.013894904 0.007604635 0.009669221 0.015677045 0.013037312 0.006782225 0.009324111 0.02251198 0.109622218 0.007386876 0.003035244 0.046039931 0.003668586 0.003673882 0.003013054 0.007253408 0.045628091 0.020198715 0.012517514 0.001179033 0.00967085 0.002431467 0.015859434 0.029179145 0.014950702 0.005583123 0.001601361 0.003474094 0.00131148 0.009539189 0.004443065 0.024365003 0.018061135 0.010762659 0.006755226 0.020948214 0.016817624 0.018645876 0.008226355 0.071919052 0.011341069 0.01186123 0.015366487 0.024439297 0.005293462 0.007022874 0.010036861 0.006467096 0.008784429 0.002577631 0.004731859 0.016484024 0.012705991 0.013015433 3-OH-Anthranilic acid 0.007861173 0.001189029 0.005108519 0.005039958 0.006345901 0.001973819 0.000320003 0.005118701 0.00726273 0.001658028 0.004677388 0.003315191 0.002409965 0.000189388 0.004497868 0.004106953 0.000542381 0.001918796 0.002517699 0.000507871 0.001605276 0.003050518 0.002606239 0.000165861 0.004489812 0.003383639 0.001912421 0.000959449 0.000955669 0.00318884 0.003589719 0.00324996 0.001171009 0.000756966 0.001819014 0.005874505 0.001512639 0.002758546 0.001759726 0.005932264 0.001332934 0.002594129 0.000764329 0.006122575 0.000973942 0.001432357 0.003987318 0.000925183 0.000528389 0.002963496 0.00234056 0.002804401 0.007146815 0.004033612 0.019533022 0.001280452 0.007739619 0.004917301 0.001389939 0.000313993 0.000456992 0.003910056 0.005158979 0.000670727 0.001826726 0.000169931 0.002126068 0.001219491 0.000139217 0.000988387 0.014762776 0.007132129 0.000439805 0.001262799 0.002739651 0.002348737 0.000632835 0.00531926 0.000939267 0.003229366 0.000630284 0.004173192 0.001097563 0.002193482 0.001566236 0.001897937 0.002758351 0.002786895 0.001188801 0.006086919 0.00214552 0.00041961 0.001501271 0.000850572 0.00663611 0.003072721 0.001049024 0.000624137 0.001037582 0.001587641 0.00327809 0.001043856 0.001610718 0.001996158 0.000681834 0.003223081 0.004448817 0.001941263 0.000498175 0.000914871 0.000634905 0.001177 0.00159774 0.001502351 0.001743628 0.000971283 0.001715914 MS_METABOLITE_DATA_END #METABOLITES METABOLITES_START metabolite_name Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Picolinic acid Quinolinic acid Trpptophan Xanthurenic acid 3-OH-Kynurenine 3-OH-Anthranilic acid METABOLITES_END #END